When we mention ancient defensive projects, city wall, moats, fortresses, strongholds and castles naturally come to mind. Among the ancient defensive projects, city walls hold the most important position and play an essential role.
Walls are often seen in China surrounding palace and temple complexes and traditional houses. The open design of individual structures—the wide doors, windows and lattice-work walls, the many walkways and pavilions, which gave the buildings an altogether generous appearance, also made a sturdy wall to the outside necessary in order to form a closed unit. The building materials were either packed loess or mud, though in the Ming and Qing dynasties, bricks were preferred. Solid, high walls were built around cities. The most famous of all walls is the Great Wall. The gates of the Great Wall and the city walls usually consisted of two parts: the actual gateway and a complexes were built of stones and bricks. The towers, which were not necessary for defense, were made of wood.
Ancient China underwent incessant wars, disunity and violent social upheavals. As a result, people led miserable lives. Ancient military defensive projects were constructed to resist invading enemies. Therefore, city walls, high or low, huge or small, are scattered all over China. They have become an essential symbol of military projects.
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